37,38 Proteins can also undergo structural changes following interaction with NP surfaces dependent on NP diameter, surface functionalization, and specific corona protein. Studies of proteins interacting with planar surfaces have shown that this interaction often leads to changes in protein secondary structure, essentially some level of denaturation. In addition, and perhaps most relevant to physical chemists, the interaction of the proteins with the NP surface must also be considered. CHARACTERIZING THE PROTEIN CORONAĪ description of the protein corona begins with the concentration and composition of the adsorbed proteins. 31 Even for NPs that do circulate through the bloodstream for a sufficient time to reach their target, there is the concern that corona proteins lead to mistargeting of cell surface receptors or masking of targeting ligands. The majority are instead cleared from circulation by phagocytic cells leading to accumulation in the liver and spleen. 29,30 A recent analysis of cancer nanomedicines estimates that only 0.7% of tumor-targeted NPs injected into the bloodstream reach tumors. ![]() 28 Early work in NP-based drug delivery recognized that decreased opsonization was essential in avoiding the clearance of NPs by phagocytic cells. Small NPs (<6 nm) are cleared to the kidneys. 26,27 The success of our immune system leads to a major challenge for nanomedicine: NPs are cleared to the liver or spleen before they can reach their therapeutic target. The same process, involving many of the same proteins, occurs with NPs or other synthetic materials. 23–25 An opsonin is a molecule that marks this cargo for uptake and degradation by specialized phagocytic cells. The immune system must recognize and destroy unwanted biological materials such as pathogens and dead cells. For a very high triglyceride level, your doctor can prescribe a high-dose omega-3 medication.The phrase “protein corona” is, in some sense, a rebranding of our immune system’s opsonization process. The omega-3 fats in fish and fish oil capsules are another triglyceride-lowering option. Depending on the dose, statins can lower triglycerides by 20%–40%. If you're taking a statin to lower your LDL, one side benefit may be reduced triglyceride levels. How to lower triglyceride levels with medication Your doctor will advise you of measures you can take to lower high triglycerides. Many of the steps you should take to lower triglycerides are the same ones you should take to protect your heart and health overall.
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